Article Critique Enterprise Risk Management - 960 Words

Article Critique: â€Å"Enterprise Risk Management in SMEs: Towards a Structural Model† Enterprise Risk Management (ERM), which addresses strategic, operations, reporting and compliance objectives, is a process designed to identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risk to be within the risk an organization is willing to take in order to achieve its strategic objectives (Gelinas, Dull, Wheeler, 2015). â€Å"Enterprise Risk Management in SMEs: Towards a Structural Model† by Brustbauer (2016), analyses ERM in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMESs) by developing a structural model based on a postal survey questionnaire. Ultimately, the article evaluates ERM in terms of approach which affects the strategic orientation, preconditions for ERM implementation, the effect of ERM on business success, and a structural model of ERM in SMEs. Summary Risk The article provides the definition of risk as the probable uncertainty of outcomes stemming from a choice, and a reflecting variation in the distribution of potential outcomes probabilities and subjective values (March Shapira, 1987). Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) ERM evaluates risk from an all risks-encompassing perspective, which identifies, assesses and monitors all threats and opportunities facing a firm. Thus, promoting increased risk management awareness to support the firm-wide approach, and translate the approach into operational and strategic management decisions (Brustbauer, 2016). 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Essay on How Marsupials Adapt to the Arid Australian...

How Marsupials adapt to the arid Australian Environment Introduction The increasing aridity of the Australian continent over the past 20 million years has favoured organisms that could adapt to dry conditions. Marsupials have developed a variety of behavioural, physiological and morphological adaptations to survive in these arid conditions with little or no food and free water for extended periods of time. Marsupials living in Australia’s hot arid environment must deal with exposure to extreme conditions such as high temperatures, solar radiation and limited food and water supply. More than 50% of the world’s marsupial species occur only in Australia (Steffen et al 2009), which indicates their ability to adapt to Australian†¦show more content†¦Arid zoned habitats provide challenging conditions for small marsupials. Some marsupials live underground to provide protection from predators and exposure to heat and also assist with water balance and energy expenditure as discussed by Warnecke (2010) King and Bradshaw (2008) describe a behavioural avoidance mechanism called thermal refugia. Rock wallabies and bettongs use thermal refugia to survive in arid environments. Movement patterns Red Kangaroos have developed a behavioural adaptation, which involves travelling long distances in search of fresh food and water as discussed by Barker and Greenslade (1982). Research indicates that the number of red kangaroos, which may be found in areas that have recently received rainfall, is 270 times greater than areas without rainfall (Barker Greenslade 1982). Travelling extensive distances for improved food and water supplies is likely to be inherited behavioural adaptation from the time when there were no artificial watering points and kangaroos would have been required to locate permanent bodies of water (Barker Greenslade 1982). Morphological Adaptations Marsupials have a variety of morphological adaptations to assist living in arid environments. Planigales are among the smallest marsupials and oftenShow MoreRelatedWhy the Flora and Fauna of Australia so Unique2158 Words   |  9 Pagesconsiderable changes in climate and ecosystems. The interaction of these forces (the unpredictable changes) is exactly what happened to Australia and as a consequence, drove the native Australian animals onto a very unique evolutionary path different from any other area land- no matter how similar their environments. It is widely accepted that between 260-180 million years ago, all of the Earth’s land was a part of one single large landmass called ‘Pangaea’. However, 180 million years ago Pangaea

Case Study E-Procurement System for Victoria Museum †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the E-Procurement System for Victoria Museum. Answer: Introduction The continuous improvement plan is considered as one of the significant plan and process for the striving the consistency for enhancing any particular service or product. Chattergoon et al., (2014) illustrated in various project management, the organization realize the complacency in the process of achieving quality inproject management process but losing the competitive advantage. Ensuring the continuous improvement during the project ensures the simplified pressure, process, customer recognition and improved quality of the product and project. The plan for the continuous improvement for a particular project allow the organization to plan and act accordingly for incremental enhancement of the process, products and services. In this report, the project aims at development and implementation of an E-procurement system for Victoria Museum. Continuous Improvement Plan Figure 1: Continuous Improvement Process (Source: Created by Author) Bernhardt, (2013) illustrated that the application of the continuous improvement plan during theproject management allows the organization in continuous monitoring, evaluation and incremental improvement of the undertaken project. The development of the continuous improvement model illustrates the basic principle ofproject management with the application several core improvement principles. According to Vollenbroek et al., (2014), various basic principles of project improvement as follows: Incremental Improvement: The improvement plan in the project should be based on small changes rather that major shift in paradigm. The amount and level of change within the project significantly impact the organization and success of the project. Sibthorpe et al., (2017) showed that considering small and incremental improvement in the project reduces the potential of risks. Improvement is based on the project team: The opportunities in improvement within the project needs to included and initiated from within the project team and the internal stakeholders. The top management involvement and changes in the project scope are not included in the improvement plan. Reflective Improvement: Hunt, Hunter and Levan (2017) illustrated that the improvement module undertaken for the project are inexpensive as there are based on the previous module or prototype developed. The analysis and plan of the project team are included in the next iteration of the improvement plan. According to Muhammed et al., (2017), the feedback of the client during the implementation of the improvement module are crucial for ensuing the client satisfaction and obtaining the project scope. Repeatable and Measurable Improvement: Lewis, (2016) illustrated that the change made for the improvement of the project also needs to be analyzed and tracked. The determination of the impact on the project allows the organization and the project manager to evaluate the level of success of the project and the improvement made. The process of improvement within the project is based on four basics module as illustrated in figure 1. Identify: Rahman et al., (2016) showed that in the identify phase, the internal stakeholder of the project evaluate the current system or prototype model that has been developed during the project. The analysis of the current status of the project and the limitations allows the project team to identify the required area where the improvement can be made. Plan: Based on the identification of the improvement area, the project team developed a required plan for implementing the improvement module within the existing project. The level of improvement determines required planning of the implementation, development, resource allocation and execution of the project. In addition to that, the project manager needs to develop the required process that would be followed during the execution phase. Execute: Elmore et al., (2014) showed that the execution phase of the improvement process is initiated based on the review and approval of implementation plan. The developed plan for the implementing the improvement module are deployed in this particular phase. Review: The deployment of the improvement process does not end at the execution of the plan. In the review phase, the project manager needs to continuously monitor and review the changes implemented in the project. The monitoring, evaluation of the review of the improvement phase allows in determining the impact of the change and modification made within the project. Procedural Documents Required in the Improvement Plan Fagnani, and Guimaraes, (2017) showed that it is essential for the project manager to develop and follow various procedural documents for ensuring the proper and effective development of the improvement plan. Following are the several procedural documents that are essential for the improvement process within the project. Procedural Documents Definitions Internal Audits The internal audit plan for the project helps in testing and inspecting the developed project or prototype model. The documents of the internal audits includes the assessment and evaluation of the management process and developed system itself. The application of the audit report uncovers the particular area within the project that has an improvement scope and opportunity for ensuring quality project. Project Management Plan The documents for the project management plan in the project, includes the required process and techniques for developing the required project. Furthermore, the development of the project management plan includes the cost estimation and schedule for developing the particular project. Apart from that, the project documents allows in identification of the potential risks that might occur during the project. Quality Review documents The Quality Review Documents includes the information regarding the review and analysis of the project. The development of the Quality Review Documents allows the organization in identifying the area that can be improved through the next iteration of the improvement plan. The quality review document includes process evaluation, performance review, technical, functional and operational review of the project. Project Charter The initiation of the project development and implementation of the project improvement process is based and dependent on the approval of the project charter. The project charter helps in the identification of the project scope and requirements that needs to be implemented in the project. The project charter are approved by the project manager and project client before starting the implementation process. Project Budget The project budget document provides the detailed budget estimation required for the project. The project budget documents also includes the cash flow and budget analysis based on the undertaken project. The improvement plan for the next iteration is dependent on the estimated project budget as motioned in the project budget document. Project Risk Assessment The risk assessment document is required in the project for the estimation and evaluation of the associated risks present within the project. The risks assessment documents also identified the possible mitigation solutions. Furthermore the risks identified and obtained within the project are recorded in the risk register included in the risk assessment document. Post Project implementation review After the implementation of the improvement plan in the project, the developed project is reviewed and verifies for ensuing the quality and possibility of enhancement within the project. Practical Implementation: The project for the implementation of the e-procurement system for Museum Victoria, Australia followed the PDCA model for including the incremental improvement within the project. The process of continuous improvement plan followed for the development of the e-procurement system includes the continuous improvement of the system with continuous and incremental improvement. In this project, the improvement plan includes four significant stages illustrated as follows: Plan: In the planning phase, the changes and improvement required in the e-procurement system are identified. During this phase, the current prototype of the e-procurement system developed for the Museum Victoria are investigated and potential area for development are identified. The project team involved in the e-procurement system project evaluates the system and identifying the risks and opportunities associated with the project. The project team used the prioritization matrix for determining a particular change that needs to be implemented in the next iteration phase. For developing the plan for improvement process, the functional module and processes that has been developed in the prototype of the e-procurement system are evaluated. Value Stream Mapping and flow chart will be used for defining the functions and procedures of e-procurement system. Time and budget are the significant factors determining the project success. The project manager will use histogram and Pareto charts will be used for evaluating the resources required and its impact on the allocated budget and schedule of the e-procurement project. Furthermore, brainstorming session among the team members would allow in the identification of the area of improvement in the e-procurement system. Based on the identification of the significant causes and area of improvement, the project manager would develop an action plan that needs to be implemented during the improvement plan. Do: During the Do phase of the continuous improvement process, the incremental development is done on the prototype model of the e-procurement system for Museum Victoria. The project manager developed the required scope documents and project implementation plan for the e-procurement system. The developed plan for implementing the improvement module will be reviewed and approved by the project manager before implementation. In this particular phase, the required modification will be made in the functional module will be implemented. The modification done in the prototype of the e-procurement system allowed in improving the previous solutions for eliminating the identified issues and risks. During the system improvement, the project manager follows the project plan and project charter for ensuring the achievement and implementation of the project scope. The project manager further records the risks identified and accessed during the implementation of the planned improvement module. Check: In this particular phase, the project manager analyses the performance of the e-procurement system and compare the data with the initial model observed before improvement. The data obtained are further measured with the baseline of the planed project for determining and identifying the planed improvement for the e-procurement system was achieved. The quality review documents are developed in this phase for evaluating and reviewing the obtained quality in the developed improved e-procurement system for Museum Australia. In addition to that, the quality of the e-procurement system is evaluated and identified based on the black box test, unit test analyzing the achievement of the functional requirements for display and storage of information. Apart from that, the system quality is further evaluated by the client feedback and user acceptance test ensuring all the functional requirements are met during the improvement plan. The information obtained from the quality assessment and e valuation of the e-procurement system are recorded in the project plan for future application. Act: This phase of the improvement plan for the e-procurement project enables the analysis and testing of the required e-procurement system developed after the improvement plan. Based on the evaluation of the system, the project manager needs to determine whether the developed e-procurement system needs to be adopted, adapted or abandoned. The improved system of e-procurement will be adopted if the quality analysis revealed the meeting of the aim has been obtained. This process includes the establishment of the new functional module and measured for standardizing the performance of the application for the Museum Victoria. Furthermore, in case of the system adaptation, various monitoring benchmarks are developed for monitoring the quality and performance of the developed e-procurement system. In addition to that, based on the analysis, thee project manager may decide to repeat the improvement phase for enhancing the quality of the e-procurement system. The improved system is adapted w hen the system fails to obtain the complete requirement of the improvement process. In case of the system adaptation, the improvement phase is repeated with the development of the enhanced e-procurement system. In addition to that, if the improvement phase does not provide required solution and enhancement of the quality or functionality of the e-procurement system, the project manager abandoned the system and initiated the project improvement plan for achieving the required quality as identified in the planning phase of PDCA. Conclusion The application of the PDCA module for achieving the required quality and improvement of the e-procurement system has been identified as most appropriate. As the development of the e-procurement system is IT based project, the application of the PDCA model allowed the project manager in developing the software in an incremental process for ensuring the quality and project scope. Therefore, the proper planning and development of the improvement plan would assist in achieving the required quality in the e-procurement system. Bibliography Bereskie, T., Haider, H., Rodriguez, M.J. and Sadiq, R., 2017. Framework for continuous performance improvement in small drinking water systems.Science of The Total Environment,574, pp.1405-1414. Bernhardt, V., 2013.Data, Data, Everywhere: Bringing All the Data Together for Continuous School Improvement. Routledge. Chattergoon, S., Darling, S., Devitt, R. and Klassen, W., 2014, May. Creating and sustaining value: Building a culture of continuous improvement. InHealthcare Management Forum(Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 5-9). No longer published by Elsevier. Cousar, R.D., Bailey, R., Downs, S., Groce, D. and Miller, S., 2015. What Goes Around-Billing Cycle Alignment for Continuous Improvement.Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation,2015(4), pp.1-13. Eaidgah, Y., Eaidgah, Y., Maki, A.A., Maki, A.A., Kurczewski, K., Kurczewski, K., Abdekhodaee, A. and Abdekhodaee, A., 2016. Visual management, performance management and continuous improvement: A lean manufacturing approach.International Journal of Lean Six Sigma,7(2), pp.187-210. Elmore, R.F., Forman, M.L., Stosich, E.L. and Bocala, C., 2014. The Internal Coherence Assessment Protocol Developmental Framework: Building the Organizational Capacity for Instructional Improvement in Schools. Research Paper.Strategic Education Research Partnership. Fagnani, E. and Guimares, J.R., 2017. Waste management plan for higher education institutions in developing countries: The Continuous Improvement Cycle model.Journal of Cleaner Production,147, pp.108-118. Hunt, P., Hunter, S.B. and Levan, D., 2017. Continuous Quality Improvement in Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities. Lewis, W.E., 2016.Software testing and continuous quality improvement. CRC press. Martin, K. and Osterling, M., 2014.Value stream mapping: how to visualize work and align leadership for organizational transformation. McGraw-Hill. Montecatine-Alonso, E., Villanueva-Bueno, C., Santos-Rubio, M.D., Sierra-Torres, M.I., Rodriguez-Perez, A.A., Toscano-Guzman, M.D., Poyatos-Ruiz, L.L. and Garcia-Avello, A., 2016. CP-090 Adequacy of omeprazole solution prescription for administration by nasogastric tube applying a continuous improvement system (deming cycle). Muhammed, M.A., Kabiru, S., Abdulkarim, J.A., Riazi, S.R.M. and Nawi, M.N.M., 2017. Profitability of Continuous Improvement Process in Developing Human Resource Plan for Construction Companies in Malaysia.International Review of Management and Marketing,6(8S), pp.299-305. Rahman, M.M., Hamid, M. and Islam, M.T., 2016. Continuous School Improvement Plan for Quality Education in the Light of Pedagogy: An Action Research. Sibthorpe, B., Agostino, J., Coates, H., Weeks, S., Lehmann, D., Wood, M., Lannigan, F. and McAullay, D., 2017. Indicators for continuous quality improvement for otitis media in primary health care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children.Australian journal of primary health,23(1), pp.1-9. Tiep, B., Barnett, M. and Carter, R., 2017. Management Of COPD Via A Clinical Guidance System: 15th Year Of A Continuous Improvement Model. InB73. PULMONARY REHABILITATION IN COPD(pp. A4272-A4272). American Thoracic Society. Vollenbroek, W., Jagersberg, K., Vries, S. and Constantinides, E., 2014. Learning Education: An Educational Big Dataapproach for monitoring, steering and assessment of the process of continuous improvement of education. Zhu, B.W., Zhang, J.R., Tzeng, G.H., Huang, S.L. and Xiong, L., 2017. Public Open Space Development for Elderly People by Using the DANP-V Model to Establish Continuous Improvement Strategies towards a Sustainable and Healthy Aging Society.Sustainability,9(3), p.420.

Ripple Effects Upon Economy Essays - Keynesian Economics, Inflation

Ripple Effects Upon Economy There are several things that can cause a ripple effect in our economy. There are economic facts, or things that will happen no matter what, that start to affect more and more people, until they sooner or later effect everybody. The Keynesian Transmission Mechanism is a good example of something that has a ripple effect on everybody. The Keynesian mechanism has three stages, each of which has an effect on something. The first stage is the increase or decrease in the supply of money (A-1). The second stage is for the investment to rise or fall in conjunction with the change of the money supply (B-1). The third and final stage in the mechanism, is for the total expenditure/aggregate demand curve to shift accordingly to the both the money supply, and the investment. There are also some walls that block the mechanism from working, that have ripple effects on the economy. These include the Liquidity trap, and Interest-Insensitive Investment. In the first stage of the Keynesian Transmission Mechanism, the money supply is either raised, or lowered by the Fed. They do this by buying and selling bonds to the public. If they buy bonds back, then they are essentially lowering the money supply, where as if they sell them, then they are raising the money supply. Looking at this alone, one can predict a rise or a fall in the amount of each individual has due to the scarcity of money, or the lack there of. This will have a ripple effect on the economy, because people will save more if they have less, and spend more if they have more (C-1). For example, if the Fed were to increase the money supply would cause a surplus of money in the money market. This in turn will have an effect on the interest rates. The interest rates will lower due to the money surplus (B-1). Because of the lower interest rate, the AD curve will shift to the right. This happens due to a drop in the price level because of the lower interest rate. With the lower interest rate, the price of houses and cars will go down. This in turn raises total expenditures, and Real GDP. If Real GDP raises, then the unemployment goes down, do to the inverse relationship between GDP and Unemployment. Basically this all means that when the money supply increases, there will be more money in ones pockets. With more money in ones pocket, they will be more likely to look into and possibly buy a new car or house. The resurgence of buying power by the public will cause Real GDP to shift to the right. There are also more people working to get the money. The opposite is also true (D-1.2.3). If the Fed were to decide to buy back some bonds, then the money supply would be lowered, causing an increase in the interest rate, which in turn will shift the AD curve to the left. And because of the leftward shift in the AD curve, the inverse relationship states that unemployment will be higher. Meaning that there will be fewer jobs, and more people searching for them. There are two traps in the Keynesian Transmission Mechanism. The first is called the Liquidity Trap. This occurs when the Demand for money is at a horizontal position (E-1). This means that it would not matter if the money supply were to be increased from S1 to S2, the demand would stay the same. Because of this, there would be no change in the interest rate, so investment and Real GDP would not be affected. Basically there would be more money out there, but it wouldn't be as needed. The second trap is the Interest-Insensitive Investment. This means that the investment would not change due to a change in the interest rate. If the interest rate doesn't affect the investment, then the investment would not be able to cause a shift of either left or right of the AD curve. This usually happens if a firm or a corporation is expecting an increase in the interest rate, even though it is low at the time. The corporation will not be as likely to invest knowing that they will get burned later on. Since in either way, you have an increase in the money supply, there will be a result that affects everybody. If the money supply is increased, and the AD curve doesn't shift to the right, then there will be more money to

Fitness and Performance in Aviation

Fitness and Performance in Aviation Fitness in most professional jobs is an individual duty to assess his or her well-being in undertaking such professions. It is a legal requirement to undergo thorough medical checkups before qualifying for professions like aviation and other related jobs. Most of the accidents caused by aircrafts are related to human factors of physical and psychological fitness. Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Fitness and Performance in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the advancement in technology, aircrafts have become more reliable and efficient, thus reducing the number of accidents that occur due to mechanical breakdown. The greater percentage of aircraft accidents is thus caused by human factors and account to more than eighty percent of the total accidents caused by the aircrafts (Lowry, 1999, p. 102). The success of a flight is dependent on human fitness to execute a safe flight. This term paper discusse s the factors that affect fitness and performance in aviation such as physical exercise, health, stress, workloads, shift work, pressure to meet deadlines and use of drugs. The physical fitness and vigorous health of aviation workers are critical aspects in their performance, in aviation, because of the nature of some of their jobs that may be physically demanding. Besides, aviation activities are carried out in a wide range of physical environments that involve substantial change in temperatures, air composition, humidity and other weather related factors. The ability of the aviation workers to carry some of their tasks may be hindered by poor eyesight, poor hearing, physical injuries, and other physical related factors (Stolzer, Harlford, Goglia, 2008, p. 58). It is a duty for the individual workers to assess their physical and health fitness in carrying out the aviation duties. Secondly, physical fitness of an individual affects the sensory system of orientation. Good eyesight is critical in making judgments on safe flight. The human eye is adapted to see during the day light using rods in the eyes and at night using the cones. The rods take time to adjust to bright light during the night when it is introduced shortly. Physical fitness through exercising the body and eating a well balanced diet that is rich in vitamins is vital in maintaining proper eyesight. Vitamin A specifically is used to prevent night blindness disease that is caused by lack of enough vitamin A in the diet. Night blindness causes blurred vision that affects the performance in aviation because of accidents that result from poor judgment of the eyesight. Deprivation of oxygen caused by flights at high altitudes leads to poor eyesight and poor performance in aviation thus alternative source for oxygen should be provided. Advertising Looking for term paper on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Age is another facto r that leads to reduced performance due to blurred vision and other age related disorders (Bibel, 2007, p. 42). In addition, poor health habits that lead to unfitness such as smoking and taking alcohol affect the power of vision thus leading to poor performance in aviation. The sense of hearing is also vital in for superior performance in aviation. The inner ear helps to maintain motion hearing that creates the vestibular orientation during a flight. Forces during the flight lead to disorientation during the flights that affect the sense of hearing. Poor sense of hearing lead to poor performance in aviation caused by poor communication with the groundwork personnel. In addition, poor performance caused by poor sense of hearing is attributed to inability to create vestibular orientation. Physical fitness improves performance in aviation by maintaining a healthy nervous system that is critical in creating postural orientation during a flight. Physical exercise helps in keeping the ner vous system active, by dilation of blood vessels to allow free circulation of blood and dissolved oxygen that help to keep the mind alert. The nerves help to transmit information to the brain that helps to make a judgment during the flights. Good coordination during the flight because of potent nervous system creates a superior performance in aviation. Health factors affect fitness of individuals and their performance in aviation depending on individuals’ state of health and intensity of a condition. The conditions that affect fitness in performance, in aviation, range from minor ailments to severe cases. Minor physical illnesses such as coughing, flu, and the common cold amongst others make the aircrafts worker uncomfortable in their work thus lead to poor performance but not to great extent. Major illnesses lead to the reduced performance in aviation as the workers may be hospitalized or go on sick leaves for treatments. Moreover, high prevalence of HIV/AIDS leads to reduc ed immunity of the aircrafts workers thus reducing their performance in aviation. In severe conditions of HIV/AIDS, the workers are unfit to work, or their death occurs that substantially reduces performance in aviation because of loss of skilled labor. In addition, minor injuries such as sprained wrists and anklets reduce work performance of aircrafts workers because of pain. Severe injuries such as broken arms and limbs make the workers unfit for the aircraft work thus reduces their performance in aviation greatly. Physical conditions such as obesity, heart attack, diabetes, age related conditions such as blurred vision, and hearing loss considerably reduces performance in aviation thus legislation should ensure the workers undergo medical checkup prior to their duties. Moreover, toxins and other related substances may lead to health complications such as cancers, deaths due to intoxication and other unforeseen effects that make the workers unfit for the work and reduce their per formance in aviation (Garland, Wise, Hopkin, 1999, p. 54).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Fitness and Performance in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Measures are taken, for the aircrafts workers, to remain fit for their work and improve their performance in aviation. To keep fit, the aircraft workers should take regular meals consisting of a well balanced diet. The workers are recommended to take regular physical exercise thrice a week that is sufficient and twice the resting pulse rate for twenty minutes. In addition, the workers should be responsible for their health, avoid smoking, and practice safe alcohol intake that is recommended by the aviation regulations. Consequently, mental fitness of the workers is critical for superior performance in aviation. Stress and stress related factors are inevitable in life may lead to poor performance in aviation if not well managed. Stress results from deman ds to cope up with life situations or adjust to some changes in life or the environment. The results of stress if not well managed make individuals unfit for aviation work and thus lead to poor performance in aviation in various ways. At first, stress causes physiological and health disorders such as dryness of mouths, nausea, ulcers and insomnia amongst others that lead to reduced activity and poor performance in aviation (Garland, Wise, Hopkin, 1999, p. 58). Stress factors that lead to change in behavior that is indicated by lack of activity, loss of appetite, shaking and irresponsibility lead to poor performance in aviation due to reduced work output. Moreover, stress may cause poor concentration, loss of memory and indecision that lead to the occurrence of errors in aviation thus declining the performance. Depression, anxiety, moodiness, and aggression of the workers affect performance of their duties leading to decreased work output. Domestic stress that results from home-rel ated affairs such as marital problems amongst spouses, children, bereavement of family members, and friends preoccupy individuals’ minds leading to distractions and poor concentration during work. This leads to poor performance in aviation. Work related stress results from pressure to meet deadlines or poor work relationship that create conflicts at work. Night shift work creates stress to individuals if not well scheduled, as the night shift workers tend to have disturbed sleep during the day and few hours of sleep, unlike the daylight workers. The workers should adopt sleep strategies for night shift workers to ensure their fitness and stay alert at work during the day. Poor relationships of public within an organization may lead to stress to create an organizational culture thus poor organization leads to reduced performance in aviation.Advertising Looking for term paper on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Physiological fitness increases performance in aviation and can be created through stress management. To keep fit, individuals adopt relaxation techniques, such as listening to music and doing personal hobbies that boost performance in aviation (Lowry, 1999, p. 104). Besides, individuals should ensure that they have enough sleep and take well-balanced diet to increase their activity at work. Physical exercise helps to release fatigue, relax and increases personal activity thus vital in managing stress and increasing performance in aviation. Furthermore, counseling by colleagues, fellow workers, and professional counselors help to manage stress, keep physiologically fit, and increase performance in aviation. Arousal is another factor that indicates fitness for performance in aviation and work in general. Arousal refers to fitness of an individual to perform a given task (Garland, Wise, Hopkin, 1999, p. 62). For optimum performance in aviation, a certain level of stimulation or arou sal is required. The level of arousal varies from one person to another. Some people feel overloaded by multi-tasking while others perform well under pressure. There are different levels of arousal that determine the level of performance in aviation. First, there is under-aroused level that creates poor performance in aviation. Individuals who have low levels of arousal are not particularly active during the work due to complacency and dullness. The optimum level of arousal leads to increased performance in aviation because of increased activity and motivation to carry out given tasks. Lastly, there is over-arousal level that to some degree leads to poor performance in aviation, as the individuals tend to leave some tasks and focus on others. Over–arousal can be a sign of abuse of drugs, which cause stimulative and sedative effects. Moreover, sleep, fatigue, and shift work affect individual fitness and performance in aviation. Sleep occurs in cycles and changes in the sleep cycles due to night shift work and other external environmental factors affect the circadian rhythms of an individual. The physiological changes in the body, changes in behavior, and body functions have a regular cycle of circadian rhythm that indicates fitness of an individual. The circadian factors are not only controlled by the brain, but also by the physical environment factors such as changes in body temperature. The fitness of an individual determines how he or she adapts to the changes and thus affects performance of night shift workers in aviation. Consequently, the fitness of an individual for performance in aviation is affected by fatigue that can be either physiological or subjective. The physiological stress indicates body’s need for relaxation and refreshment. It is usually related to unfitness of an individual for work due to physical activity, changes of circadian rhythms, irresponsible health behaviors such as drinking, and smoking, and personal health. The physical stress can be managed by having sound sleep and a rest. Subjective fatigue is related to individual’s feeling being tired and sleepy that depends on the degree of motivation. Subjective fatigue leads to poor performance in aviation because of an individual feeling of extreme lack of activity. Fatigue affects the fitness of an individual for performance in aviation through various ways. First, fatigue leads to reduced perception of sight, sense of hearing and vision that lead to decreased performance in aviation. Problems of memory loss and slow reaction occur because of fatigue that affects fitness of an individual for performance in aviation. Moreover, stressed individuals are poor in making judgments and decisions that increase their chances of making mistakes thus leading to poor performance in aviation. Lastly, fatigue leads to reduced work standards due to changes in moods, reduced concentration, and memory loss. The fitness of an individual affects the time he or she take to sleep and thus affects performance in aviation for shift workers. The period for sleep varies with individuals with some individuals taking long hours to sleep while others take a shorter period (Stolzer, Harlford, Goglia, 2008, p. 98). Depending on the individual, lack of sleep leads to reduced performance in aviation because of increased chances to make mistakes due to sleepiness. On the other hand, healthy sleep ensures individuals are fit for work thus increases aviation in performance. Lastly, fitness in performance of an individual in aviation is affected use of medication and abuse of drugs. The abuse of alcohol leads to depression of the nervous system that causes blurred vision, loss of memory and body balance, and judgment that hinder performance in aviation. Moreover, the use of some medication whether prescribed or not should be carefully considered as it may affect work performance of aviation workers. The first dose of medication should take at least twenty-four hours before any task to minimize risk of hyperactivity. Furthermore, the abuse of drugs such as cocaine, bhang, and heroin impair the performance the brain that make individuals unfit for aviation activities that reduce performance in aviation. In conclusion, performance in aviation is dependent on physical and physiological fitness of an individual. Physical fitness leads to increased performance in aviation, which is attributed to increased activity, reduced fatigue, and mental alertness. Regular physical exercise and taking a well balanced diet are critical in maintaining physical fitness and increasing performance in aviation. Physiological fitness affects the decision-making process, activity of an individual, and orientation during flight. It is recommendable for individuals to ensure proper management of stress related factors, such as work overload, lack of sleep, and fatigue that lead to reduced performance in aviation. References Bibel, G. (2007). Beyond the Black Box: The Forensics of Airplane Crashes. Baltimore: JHU Press. Garland, J., Wise, A., Hopkin,V.,D. (1999). Handbook of Aviation Human Factor. London: Routledge. Lowry, T. (1999). Performance of Light Aircraft. Virginia: AIAA. Stolzer,J., Harlford,C., Goglia, J. (2008). Safety Management Systems in Aviation. Farnham : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

Impact Of Cell Phones Usage English Language Essay Essays

Impact Of Cell Phones Usage English Language Essay Essays Impact Of Cell Phones Usage English Language Essay Essay Impact Of Cell Phones Usage English Language Essay Essay Cell phones adopted by immature coevals in recent twelvemonth, have become planetary phenomena around the universe. Therefore, with the outgrowth of this engineering about everyone has tried to follow these cell phones. We found in this research that cell phone use had a negative impact on pupils GPA. Students utilizing their cell phone during category, they besides having and directing text messages during their category so they were able to pay less attending to talk and therefore it had negative impact on pupils public presentation. Cardinal footings: Cell phones use, Academic public presentation, GPA Introduction Commercialization of cellular phone engineering has increased its usage in recent old ages. In Pakistan sum endorsers for cell phones till 12 September 2012 have reached to 120,513,430 ( Pakistan Telecommunication Authority ) . The acceptance of cell phones by immature coevals has been a planetary phenomenon in recent old ages. It has become an built-in portion of stripling s day-to-day life and has become one of the most popular signifiers of communicating. In today s universe about every pupil is holding cell phone in their pocket, clipped to a belt, or hidden in a brief instance or bag and knows perfect use of it. As engineering is turning every twenty-four hours at really fast rate, and is conveying positive and negative effects for society and so is with cell phone engineering that has brought both positive and negative effects. It is normally observed that these cell phones have besides become position symbol for young person and they have indulged themselves in the competition of holding best and most updated cell phone with maximal characteristics. Today s young person prefer cell phones more every bit compared to internet or any other societal activity. Young people ain cell phone and besides want to upgrade it every bit shortly as new theoretical account is launched in the market. Cell phones are that much involved in our life that the individual who own cell phone is tend to be thought socially connected, independent, modern and in demand by the society. One of the most used applications of cell phones by our immature coevals is text messaging and these cellular web companies have besides played a critical function in negatively impacting our immature coevals by presenting a figure of bundles for text messaging and calls besides. Students of today are maestro in fastest text messaging and are seen text messaging piece at place, at university, going, in schoolroom and specially while analyzing. Communication with fellow pupils, professors, parents, and everyone else is merely a click off. Most of the pupils use it for chew the fating with friends. This research paper explores the impact of cell phones` use on pupils academic public presentation. We examined the consequence of nomadic use on the classs among university pupils. Literature Review Cell phones and academic public presentation: The innovation of cell phone has brought radical alteration in the universe. And therefore bought alteration in the life style of people utilizing it including pupils. In 2005, the figure of cell phone endorsers worldwide will make 2 billion ( Deloitte Research, 2005 ) . And in Pakistan entire fixed phone endorser by December 2011 reached to merely 3,098,117, less than nomadic phone endorser that were 120,151,253 boulder clay December 2011 ( Pakistan Telecommunication Authority ) . Surveies have systematically shown that cell phone is used and loved more than telecasting or cyberspace by pupils, whether they are utilizing cyberspace or watching telecasting they are holding cell phone in their custodies. Through common observation we besides evaluated that pupils need to return to their place if they forget to take it with them. Therefore with the outgrowth of this engineering about everyone has tried to follow these cell phones and are addicted to its use that they think their work d one become hard without its services and they are unable to remain connected with their friends and household. The chief issue for instructors is the perturbation created in category room due to cell phone calls and texting. Uniting this with the easiness of concealing the device due to its little size, makes it really hard for instructors to command it. Students are excited to happen out that who has called and what the message is, immature people are loath to turn off their cell phone during category clip. Normally pupils kept their devices on during talks with themselves and besides sometimes bury to turn profile silent during category and its tintinnabulation create perturbation in category. Campbell ( 2006 ) found that pupils and module view the tintinnabulation of cell phone in category to be a serious job. It is clear that if pupils spend clip texting, they will non be able to pay attending to category talk, will non be able to understand the subject and will non be able to bring forth good consequence in category, this will hold impact on their class points. Through common observation it is observed that today pupils are busy with this engineering, spends 90 % of their clip with cell phones and do nt pay attending to their surveies. And if they pretend to their parents that they are analyzing in their room, they are really dodging their parents, it is such a little device that they can easy conceal them and lie with their parents. Students are seeking to do as many friends whether miss or male child as they can, maintaining themselves busy all twenty-four hours and dark, as these web companies for their ain net income have introduced a tonss of inexpensive bundles fo r call and messaging. All these activities in which pupils have engaged themselves in today s universe are pulverizing their present and future. After explicating negative facet there are some positive impact besides, it helps pupils to remain connected with their group members when assigned some group work from their instructor and can besides reach their instructors in clip of holding any trouble sing their assignments. In school it besides helps teacher to state their parents about any serious job happened to the pupils and besides helps teacher to text their parent if they are absent from school. Students are supposed to utilize nomadic phones whole dark texting their friends. It is interesting to observe that there are few common household regulations about immature people s usage of the cell phone. In fact, many striplings ( 58 % ) reported that there were no regulations set by their parents about their cell phone usage and merely 12 % reported that their parents used remotion of their cell phones from them as penalty ( Metthews, 2004 ) . Probably because of the kiping issue it has been found that parents have to take cell phone from their kids at dark while traveling to kip. Some reported that parents had to inquire their kids to halt utilizing phone at dark as so pupils are unable to wake up early in the forenoon for their university, school or college or they feel sleepy during category and make non pay proper attending. Along with academic public presentation cell phones have besides positively and negatively affected societal relationships. With the outgrowth of nomadic phones persons are able to remain connected with their friends, household and relatives populating abroad. In add-on to maintaining up with societal relationships, persons have besides been able to increase productiveness with their work because they can be 100s of stat mis off from the office, and still have instant entree to their e-mail, paperss and contacts wherever they are ( Tully, 2003 ) . A tendency that is going more evident is present absences ; this is the construct of how an person s presence in a societal scene alterations irrespective of their physical presence, they are merely half-present ( Fortunati 2008 ) . Persons go toing any meeting with their friends, coworkers, foreman or any type of societal activity, they leave that topographic point during conversation every bit shortly as their cell phone rings or vibrate. Even when sitting with their parents they do non waver to travel in front and reply the call without believing that this could ache them. Through observation, research workers have found that persons typically will non waver to disrupt an on-going conversation to reply the tintinnabulation of their cell phone. Cell phones have given a new manner to persons to organize new relationships and to beef up bing 1s. Teenss admitted passing about an equal sum of clip speaking as they do texting each month. The characteristic is so of import to them that if texting was no longer an option, 47 per centum of teens say their societal life would stop or be worsened particularly among females ( 54 per centum compared to 40 per centum of males ) ( CTIA Survey 2008 ) . Before the outgrowth of nomadic engineering, persons have regular interaction with one another. As they have really small telephonic contact with one another so they are used to see each other places on a regular basis. Even if any one of the household member is in infirmary, their loved 1s even if out of metropolis make a visit immediately or the following twenty-four hours but now with the outgrowth of cell phones people are supposed to merely inquire about their wellness on phone call with their cell phones. Cell phones besides create a factor of safety among parents. Parents feel satisfied if their kids are holding cell phone with them while traveling outside as they can reach them whenever they want. Even in the clip of exigency they can name them. Not merely parents can reach their kids in the clip of trouble but kids can besides reach them in exigencies. But kids besides sometime misapply this device by stating prevarication to their parents and making whatever they want to make outdoors, as their parents are satisfied with their prevarication. On the other side this device along with disadvantages has helped kids and parents both to remain in contact when outside their place. As everything in this universe have advantages and disadvantages both and it is upon us how we utilize it. Hypothesis Cell phones` use will hold a negative consequence on students` academic public presentation. Model Cell phone use Academic public presentation Methodology The information was collected by administering questionnaire to pupils of different universities in Pakistan with the ages runing between 18 and 30. A sample size of 150 pupils was taken in which 65 respondents were male and 85 respondents were female. The study consisted of 24 inquiries, including cell phone impacts on pupils academic public presentation and societal relationship. Multiple pick inquiries were asked. The dependability of the instrument was calculated by utilizing SPSS. The instrument was personally administered to the sample. Demographic information ( e.g. , age, gender, university, grade, GPA ) was besides collected. Consequences After successfully roll uping the informations through distributing questionnaires in different universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, we have inserted that informations in SPSS package informations sheet and run desired maps necessary to cognize that what impact does independent variable ( cell phone use ) have on dependant variable ( pupils academic public presentation ) . We have evaluated pupils academic public presentation by sing their Grade point average. From the correlativity consequences as shown in TABLE 1, we have find that cell phone use is holding negative impact on pupils GPA i.e. ( r= -0.303, P lt ; 0.01 ) . We besides come to cognize that age and GPA is besides negatively related with each other i.e. ( r= -0.154, P lt ; 0.01 ) . The Cronbach s Alpha dependability for this graduated table is 0.688. For ciphering Cronbach s Alpha we have besides reversed the graduated table of inquiry 2, 3 and 6. Table 1 Correlation Consequences M S.D 1 2 3 4 Age 21.487 1.8672 1 Gender 1.58 0.49521 -0.184* Cell phone use 3.267 0.4512 0.045 -0.149 1 GPA 1.9911 0.57583 -0.154 0.246** -0.303** 1 ** . Correlation is important at the 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) . * . Correlation is important at the 0.05 degree ( 2-tailed ) . Table 2 Arrested development Consequences Predictor Academic public presentation ( GPA ) I? I† Sig. Measure 1 Age -0.27 0.164 Gender 0.205 0.006 Measure 2 Age -0.26 0.167 Gender 0.169 0.020 Cell phone use -0.212 0.072 0.001 The tabular array 2 shows the arrested development consequence of dependant and independent variable. In measure 1 control variables i.e. age, gender is shown and in measure 2 independent variable i.e. cell phone use is shown. In horizontal line we have dependent variable i.e. academic public presentation measured utilizing pupils GPA. The fluctuation in pupils academic public presentation ( GPA ) due to cell phone use is 7.2 % . The impact of cell phones use on pupil academic public presentation is negative i.e. ( I? = -0.212 ) . This implies that the pupil whose use of cell phone is more is holding low GPA i.e. demoing hapless academic public presentation. Discussion In this research paper we have evaluated that what impact pupils cell phone use has on their academic public presentation by sing their GPA. Students age and gender is besides taken into history while running analysis utilizing SPSS. Cell phone use is taken as independent variable and pupils academic public presentation is taken as dependent variable. Questionnaires are given to be filled by pupils of different universities in Rawalpindi and Islamabad between the age of 18 and 30. The information collected is analyzed by utilizing SPSS package and evaluated the impact of cell phones use on pupils academic public presentation. The consequence shows that cell phones use is negatively impacting pupils academic public presentation. This means that the pupils who are utilizing cell phone more are holding low GPA. On inquiring inquiries on how much clip they spend on utilizing their cell phone and in how many categories they use cell phone, we have found that there is negative relationship of these two inquiries with pupils GPA. That is the pupils who are utilizing cell phone about 7-10 hours and those besides who use cell phone during their most of the categories are holding low GPA. On inquiring random inquiries we have found that one of the most used characteristic of cell phone is text messaging used by 67 % pupils ( female 37 % and male 30 % ) . Almost 81 % pupils ( female 46 % , male 35 % ) are utilizing standard text messages as compared to multimedia messages or other. 43 % pupils ( 31 % female and 13 % male ) say that they put their nomadic phone on soundless manner while go toing category. 35 % pupi ls ( 20 % female and 15 % male ) say that they on occasion receive or send text messages while the category was in session. 55 % pupils ( 35 % female and 20 % male ) agree on policy that Mobile should be kept by pupils but they should put it in quiver manner. 61 % pupils ( 40 % female, 21 % male ) say that they do non utilize dark bundles on their cell phone. 42 % pupils ( 23 % female, 19 % male ) say that they use twenty-four hours bundles on their cell phone. 67 % pupils ( 39 % female, 27 % male ) say that they spent 10 % of their pocket money on cell phones. 56 % pupils ( 32 % female, 24 % male ) say that they sometimes use their cell phone while making their assignments. As consequences show that those pupils who spend most of their clip on cell phone are accomplishing low GPA, which is in conformity with the literature and common observation. Students are utilizing their cell phone during category, they are besides having and directing text messages during their category so they will be able to pay less attending to talk and therefore it will hold negative impact on pupils public presentation. Some pupils are besides utilizing dark bundles on their cell phone which will do them unable to be attentive in their forenoon category or may be unable to go to the first category. It is better to trip missed call qui vive on their cell phone and put it off during category and when they will on it they will have message of all the calls they missed when the cell phone was away. In last reasoning all cell phone use is significantly impacting our young person who are misapplying this engineering, and therefore demoing hapless academic public presentation and p ulverizing their calling chances.

School competitors ERCI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

School competitors ERCI - Essay Example By comparing the positive and negative attributes, a comparative estimation was done which highlighted on the competitive strategies, objectives of the individual schools as well as the efficiency and defensive moves which can help ERCI to gain market share by attracting more students internationally. ERCI on understanding its competitors’ strategies would restructure and implement their own strategies which would work as an advantage to them (ERC Institute, 2015). A survey was executed where the students of ERCI sampled 100 odd students from varied background to fill in a questionnaire which they analyzed to determine the student’s demand for educational school and what were the features they are more reluctant on while selecting a particular school to study in. The sample group had individuals from countries like Singapore, Vietnam, Korea and China who are students in Singaporean school. The main focus was on the survey method where the students were questioned on their decision making on selecting the specific schools they study in. The focus of the descriptive analysis was on the fees structure, the satisfactory attributes of the schools as well as the educational programs and certificates provided by them. Most of the students surveyed were males and were interested in further studies. 68.5% of the students were aware of the educational programs and attributes of the schools through the agents. Further, the sales manager of ERCI wa s interviewed to judge the recruiting and managing procedures for the international students. It was found that those students from India and China show greater interest in further studies internationally. They tend to seek information about the global schools through educational agencies in their respective countries and hence the Singaporean schools contact these agents to promote themselves and attract greater number of candidates. On the other hand, there are part time educational facilities in Singapore

Logistics and Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Logistics and Operations Management - Essay Example Replacement Costs on the rise due to poor quality Quality Costs Cost of control Prevention costs include Quality planning and Engineering, New product review, Product and process design, Process control, Cost of Burn in tests, Quality training and workforce development. Appraisal costs include Testing and Inspection. Cost of Failure of control Internal failure costs include Scrap, Rework, Retest, Failure Analysis, down time, Yield losses and down grading. External failure costs include Warranty Charges, Complaint adjustment, Returned product/material and Liability costs. Q2. In consideration of your response to part 1 and your experience in Aerials, i. Propose and explain what options a business and/or a supply chain has to cope with fluctuating demand. Options 1. Make or Buy decisions The most popular decision that a Business takes to cope with the fluctuating demand is whether to Make or Buy. A business must analyze their various costs of production involved in producing a product and compare it with cost of buying the product from an external supplier. If the cost of buying is less than cost of producing the product, then companies can opt for buying the product. This could be extended to each phase of the production cycle. 2. Forecasting Demand Companies plan and forecast the demand according to the future needs of the market. Forecasting demand assists in decision making with respect to investment in plant and machinery, market planning and future sales. Some of the popular forecasting methods include Time series methods Judgmental Techniques Causal methods (Econometric forecasting) 3. Quality management Companies strive to achieve quality standards like ISO 22000:2005, Six sigma, Deming awards...A business must analyze their various costs of production involved in producing a product and compare it with cost of buying the product from an external supplier. If the cost of buying is less than cost of producing the product, then companies can opt for buying the product. This could be extended to each phase of the production cycle. Companies plan and forecast the demand according to the future needs of the market. Forecasting demand assists in decision making with respect to investment in plant and machinery, market planning and future sales. Some of the popular forecasting methods include Companies strive to achieve quality standards like ISO 22000:2005, Six sigma, Deming awards etc. Total quality management along with Japanese techniques is widely practiced ensuring the continuous delivering of quality products. Nowadays a product without quality cannot exist in the market i.e. if a company is surviving, then quality is inbuilt. Quality forms the basis of survival of a company or a business nowadays. Quality audits and a lot of quality management practices are a means to ensure that the customer receives good quality product. Inventory control is a planned approach of determining what to order, when to order and how to order and how much to stock so that costs associated with buying and storing are optimal without interrupting production and sale

‘Friendship Changes Its Meaning and Function Through the Life Course Essay Example for Free

‘Friendship Changes Its Meaning and Function Through the Life Course Essay In many western societies, friendship is portrayed in a very positive and desirable light, and most of all something people have the freedom to choose, unlike kinship. However as examined further in this essay, friendship means and functions as many different things to different people and can be influenced by an array of different social factors. There are various stages in the life-course that provide both opportunities and threats to the development and maintenance of friendships, yet it is evident that friendship does change and evolve in meaning and function through the life course. Some sociologists believe that social change has affected the significance of friendship, and thus changed its function throughout the life course. Due to social change, choice and reciprocity have become highly valued in relationships; which is expected in today’s post-industrial society. Many see the traditional ‘nuclear’ family as diminishing. This can be explained by the individualisation thesis (Giddens 1992, Ulrich Beck and Beck Gersheim 1995), who argue that set traditions and social rules are in decline, thus giving rise to voluntarism and democracy distinct from kinship; which can be recognised in the notion of the ‘pure relationship’ (Giddens 1992). Therefore friendship can be seen as the ideal relationship in society; differing much from the ‘fixed’ or ‘given’ relationships with kin and the community, which are seen to be declining in significance. This has allowed friends to take the roles traditionally formed by families. The idea of ‘families of choice’ (Weeks et al 2001:9) suggests that trends such as increasing cohabitation, divorce rates, greater social and geographical mobility, increasing levels of female education, increased participation of females in the labour market, and the growth of non-heterosexual household arrangements along with a strong sense of individualization have led to families of choice. This social suffusion of family and friends is especially evident amongst non-heterosexuals, due to their exclusion from the ‘family’ and ‘marriage’ in which they haven’t received support from families; they’ve chosen their own networks of relationships conceived as families. However it is important not to overstate the significance of friendship compared to relationships with family with much empirical evidence stating family relationships still remain significant. Firstly, it is important to recognise that there isn’t a single universal definition of friendship; which can cause many sociologists to encounter problems when researching the notion of friendship, and thus how its meaning and function may change and evolve through the life course. There are many different forms of friendships, ranging from diverse and complex friendships which are ever-changing and evolving. Whether it is those we file in our address books to those who have a profound presence in our lives. People attach the label ‘friend’ to those whom they’ve simply had a pleasant association with or as for as those who they’ve shared a lifelong relationship with. Some believe it is ‘the valuing of the other person for whatever is perceived as their unique and pleasing qualities’ (Wright 1978), which is said to be a defining characteristic. Research into what friendship means, reveals friendship as being voluntary rather than obligatory. Though as explored further this element of choice of who we categorise as our friends, can be highly influenced by other social factors and elements of homophily; which changes as we enter different stages of the life course. There is much diversity within friendship, with every relationship being completely unique. There are many recurrent types of friendships, such as associates, useful contacts, favour friends and a fun friend which are categorized as a simple friend, which ranges to a helpmate, comforter, confidant and a soul mate; which constitute towards a complex friendship. Research has found that the degree of intimacy of a friendship is affected by the amount of time friends have known each other. Furthermore, Pahl and Spencer categories the types of friendships people have in their personal communities into different types of friendship repertoire. They identify between the basic, intense, focal and broad repertoire, these typologies allow us recognise that some friendships strengthen in meaning whereas some even tend to get lost ad fade away as people enter different stages of the life course. Through stages in the life course such as leaving school, going to college, starting work, living with a partner/getting married, having children, getting divorced, moving home and retiring etc, can provide new opportunities for friendship whilst even threaten existing ones. Kinship ties and especially primary kinship ties generally continue in some form, whereas change in friendship is routine and normal. Indeed some friendships are long-term with some even life-long, although for the majority this isn’t the case. Usually friends occupy similar social positions to one another; tending to be the same age, be of a similar class position, same gender and occupy similar positions in the life course. Friendships are active in certain periods of our life and then gradually become less significant and meaningful, due to a change in people’s circumstances as they enter in stages of the life course, therefore sustaining that relationship becomes difficult. There are a variety of domestic circumstances that can affect friendship. Typically there appears to be changes in people’s friendship patterns when they get married. This is because their existing relationships with other single people tends to become less central to their lives and be replaced by other couple friendships (Cohen 1992), this is how couples create a marital relationship in which ‘togetherness’ and mutual involvement is paramount. Along with this is sharing leisure and sociability therefore maintaining friendships with those who are single becomes difficult. Not only that but divorce can also dramatically alter friendship, for men the effect may be less who will continue to be involved in the same work and leisure activities whereas women with children, their friendships patterns will alter more significantly due a change in their social, economic and domestic circumstances (Milardo 1987). Similarly shifts can occur in friendship when children are born, the aspects of family life will affect the space available for friendship. Old activities that were once shared between two people often become problematic, especially in the early years of childhood Having children can be a very demanding job, therefore less time is left for developing new and servicing old friendships, and thus gradually old friends who are at different stages of their life course become less involved and are replaced by others who share a similar social position. In the same way, caring for an elderly relative can constrain the freedom for sociability. However, we can also see how gender is affected within childcare which affects the space for friendship. As many women have less extensive social participation, and their character of domestic and paid labour, therefore there is less opportunity to develop social ties. Whereas, men tend to have more time and financial resources to devote to sociability because of their role within the domestic and paid division of labour. Equally, as people enter old age and retirement this can also affect the opportunities for friendship. For some retirement may present them with more time to spend with friends, with the absence of work commitments. However others the reduced financial circumstances mean the engagement through social activities is limited, and the pool of social contacts is reduced through employment. Friendships can also alter due to a change in a person’s social location. For instance, if someone was to gain a promotion at work it could affect their friendship ties. Not only that but with the idea of work as someone is in a different position within a hierarchy, they may have authority over others and thus increased earning capacity and an alteration of their life-style, maintaining existing friends becomes difficult especially as friendship is seen to be based on equality. Despite friendship being based on liking and trust and not on status hierarchy or difference, in essence the friendships becomes less active, and new friends who lead similar life-styles and of similar status replace old friends. A persons work situation affects the opportunities they have in meeting others as well as the resources of time, money and energy they have for sociability (Allen 1989). The demands and organization of a person’s work can also pattern their friendships both inside and outside the workplace. For example, different shift patterns, different levels of physical and mention exertion and different times being away from home call affect and individual’s capability and willingness to participate in sociability. Nevertheless, it may be thought that due advances in technology, email and social networking increase the possibility of forming friendships with face to face conversation being absent. Yet, despite these new forms of communication, we are still more likely to have closer ties with people who live in closer geographical proximity to us. Friendship is dynamic; it may become deeper or fade as we enter different stages of the life course nonetheless as Pahl claims it does change meaning and functions throughout the life course. Patterns of people’s friendships throughout the life course are structured around, people’s social and economic circumstances which influence their opportunities for social involvement. Different aspects of structural location such as work situation and domestic situation alter during the life course and change the meaning and function of friendship’s. Friendship is also linked to broader social and economic factors, and individual’s immediate social environment influences who they come in contact with and thus who they build friendships with. Word Count: 1,575.

Perspectives On Women In Brownings Poetry Essay -- English Literature

Perspectives On Women In Browning's Poetry One of the recurring themes in the poetry of Robert Browning, is that of woman, and it is this that I have chosen to focus on. In The first of the poems I have chosen to look at, Porphyria's Lover, Browning initially portrays the female character as the one with the power, although this in inevitably removed from her. In the opening lines of the poem: 'The rain set early in tonight, The sullen wind was soon awake' we gain a sense of forboding as the landscape of the poem seems to reflect the state of mind of the narrator, this is further explored in the next two lines where the speaker describes the weather as spiteful. All the narrator can do at this point in the poem is listen to the weather outside and he is completely helpless. 'I listened with heart fit to break.' However when Porphyria enters the poem, she alters the circumstances by replacing cold with warmth and seems completely unaffected by the weather even though it is she who has been out in it. 'And kneeled and made the cheerless grate Blaze up and all the cottage warm' Porphyria's actions at this point in the poem seem effortless in direct contrast to the impotence of her lover. Porphyria continues to take charge at this point in the poem by removing the evidence of the wet, cold weather outside, and even when her lover is unresponsive she manipulates the situation, moving his arm around her and placing his head upon her shoulder. We see at this point that her lover is the weaker of the two, but this is soon altered as in the lines: 'Too weak for all her heart's endeavour, To set its struggling passion free From pride' We finally see Porphyria described as weak, ... ... be even more attractive to the poet: 'What is far conquers what is near.' These women are the most perfect in the poets eye as they are whatever his imagination is capable of creating, they are the perfect idealistic objectification. These women spring from the poet's imagination in the moment of the poem being written just as they will spring from the earth to which he has returned. 'I will make an Eve, be the artist that began her, Shaped her to his mind' In Porphyria's Lover and Women And Roses, Browning treats us to two very different poems where a woman or women are the main subject matter. However, in both poems we see that the ideal figure of woman is one who has passed or is yet to be born as then she is able to exist in the most perfect state possible, not that of a real person with flaws and free will, but in that of a pure fantasy.

A White Girls Burden

â€Å"A white girls Burden†, written Amy Finnegan is an article about a social movement, which happened in 2012, this is most commonly referred to as Kony 2012. This movement was started by a group of 3 regular Californian guys who had typical lives who were motivated to started an organization on this situation which is called invisible children, which was first formed in 2003. The video titled â€Å"Kony 2012† is 30 minutes long and quickly made an appearance on many social networks and newspapers across North America, â€Å"sparking wide spread concern about the lords resistance army (LRA) war in central Africa†.Finnegan, 2013). Once this video became viral thousands of people became moved about this issue and started to help fundraise thousands of dollars to help the cause from all ages of people. â€Å"Invisible children mobilizes predominantly young, privileged, evangelical Christian, female Americans to participate in a unique form of† non-wave-maki ng activism† (Finnegan, 2013). Aside from fundraising people were also reaching out to all the contacts and sources they had to further raise the awareness of the war in Africa. Soon after the video was released invisible children had already raised 1 million dollars after a week.The founders of the organization â€Å"invisible children† all had faith and were into religion, however they did not want to mix religion and business. Invisible children made a social movement unlike many others, through social medial and non-violent actions. â€Å"Distinct from activism that seeks to make social change by engaging institutions through civil disobedience or public protests, invisible children promotes legal, institutional forms of engagement. † (Finnegan, 2013). Some major events that invisible children has achieved is hosted the largest lobby day ever about an African issue in U.S history, they have also successfully gained several minutes of unscheduled airtime with Oprah to raise awareness about this conflict. In â€Å"less than an year, of the lords resistance army disarmament and northern Uganda recovery act, at a bipartisan piece of legislation that mandated that the Obama administration provide funds for the northern Uganda recovery and transitional Justice initiatives, and eventually send 100 military advisors to the region in October 2011† (Finnegan, 2013). Invisible children have also being contacted by George Clooney, and other popular films like Blood Diamond.However there are 3 ain problems discussed in this article regarding invisible children, firstly the media seemed to misrepresent Uganda and what one knows about it. Secondly, † invisible children also promoted policies that are highly controversial† and lastly † Americans shallow an ill-informed understanding of Africa, and a distorted picture of their own role in social change. † (Finnegan, 2013). Invisible children have focused on gaining the att ention on young people because these types of people are the future and are becoming more passionate and involved in stories and issues similar to this concern all around the world.Mobilizing young people to become active on these issues is very important and very effective to changing the world, young people are more socially active online and do participate in other subjects such as invisible children and stopping Joseph Kony. This issue is still going on but has gotten better; problems like this cannot be solved overnight but throughout the past 2 years have made a significant ditterence and will continue to get better. Because ot the generous donations and support a lot has been done regarding this issue and has led others to become aware of different problems, situations, organizations, and groups around the world.

Jewellery Sector in West Bengal

The main purpose of this study was to examine the migration profile of the workers in the Gold and Jewellery Sector of West Bengal and also to study the process of skill formation of the workers in this sector. The entire study was based on a primary survey conducted on a sample size of 60 individuals spread over 4 different regions of West Bengal – Sinthi, Bowbazar, Basirhat and DomJur. In the first part of my study, I examined the pattern of migration of the Jewellery artists in these areas. I also cited the existence of a large number of in-migrants, circular and return migrants in this ector.In the next part, I studied in details the process of skill formation of the workers and showed how the period of apprenticeship was crucial in the career of a jewellery artist. I also explained the wage vriation between the skilled, unskilled and semiskilled workers in Basirhat and also attempted to establish a link between skill, income and migration of the workers. In the last part of my analysis, I attempted give a comparative study analysis of these areas with respect to the nature of the migrant workers, conditions of work, income and pattern of migration.Acknowledgements I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this project. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Swati Ghosh, Department of Economics, Rabindra Bharati University, who was extremely helpful and offered invaluable assistance, support and guidance. Her willingness to motivate contributed tremendously to the succesful completion my project. Deepest gratitude is also due to Prof. Sukanata Saha without whose knowledge and assistance this study would not have been successful.To the Jewellery workers and shop-owners of Sinthi, Bow Bazaar, Basirhat and DomJur, I whole heartedly thank you for your kindness, co-operation and patience. Without your support, this project would not have materialized. I would like to exp ress my heartfelt thanks to Mr. Kaushik Mukherjee (Bowbazar), Mr. Subhash Sarkar ( Atoshi Jewellers, Basirhat ) for their valuable help and guidance during my survey. And last but not least, special thanks also to all my class-mates, for sharing the literature and providing invaluable assistance during the survey.

Data analysis on Apple Inc

Data analysis on Apple Inc Abstract Apple Inc. is a company that deals with mobile electronic devices. It was founded by Steve Jobs. The company uses the Apple brand to market its products and compete in the highly competitive global business environment. Some of the areas that this company deals with include: the manufacture of personal computers, notably the Macintosh line of computers and other consumer electronics such as the iPod and iPhone.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Data analysis on Apple Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has a heavy presence in the consumer electronics products industry and has done its best to remain the top brand in this industry. Over the years, one of the branding strategies that this company has used has been the creation of innovative products. This has kept the company ahead of its competitors and has helped it cut a niche for itself in the competitive global business environment. Wh en a company wants to do a brand promotion, a multi-product strategy is usually adopted. This means that the name of the company is used as the common name under which all the products of that particular company are being marketed. Apple Inc. is one of the companies that have chosen to direct its energies towards branding its corporate name instead of focusing on individual products that it manufactures. Introduction Apple Inc. is a renowned electronics company based in the US. The company is involved in the designing and selling of electronics, computers and computer software. Finding a niche in the competitive business environment globally is not a cheap and easy venture (Alan, 2000). Companies globally are increasingly becoming aware of the importance of corporate branding to any business enterprise. Branding basically involves distinguishing a company’s goods and services from the rest in the market through the creation of exceptional identity and position of these produc ts in the competitive business environment. Apple Inc. is one of the corporations that have identified the value of branding of its products and uses it to create a distinction between its products and those of its competitors in the market. This paper shall look into the branding strategies of Apple Inc. as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies. An analysis of this company using secondary data shall then be provided and recommendations given. Methodology The information in this paper has been gathered from secondary sources. These include books and articles by other writers based on prior research. Only information about branding strategies of Apple Inc. and the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies has been used. A SWOT analysis of this company has been done using these secondary sources.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Branding strategies of Apple Inc A Store Just for Apple As a strategy for branding, Apple Inc. opened stores that only deal with its products only (Apple’s Competitive Strategy, 2011). This has helped this company to set its unique products apart from the rest that are in the same business environment. The stores are customer friendly and customers have the opportunity to explore some of the technology that Apple Inc. offers. This move has helped the company create loyal customers. Offering complete solutions Apple Inc. products come in packages that complement one another. Moreover, the products complete one another (Kahney, 2002). This means that most of the programs that Apple Inc. products need are also produced by the same company. The customer does not have to struggle looking for these programs elsewhere. Solutions for most of their needs when dealing with Apple Inc. products are also provided by the same company. Advertising strategies While promoting its products, Ap ple Inc. tries as much as possible to identify with everything that is young, smart and trendy (Dairymple, 2008). For example, the company ran a campaign dabbed ‘I’m a mac’, which depicted ‘a mac guy’ as one who is young and bold. This attracts many people because everyone would like to identify with whatever is young, smart and trendy. Manufacture of varied products Due to the high cost of buying some Apple Inc. products, such as Apple computers, the company has diversified its products to come up with products that are not as costly as the computers. Customers who are not able to buy high cost products such as the computers are able to buy products such as iPod, which they can afford (Seeking Alpha, 2011). This provides the customers with an opportunity to sample some of the Apple Inc. products. This also makes it easier for the customers to consider buying the high cost products such as the computers when they are in need because they have confide nce in the Apple brands. Selling of products used in the education sector Apple Inc. sells most of its products to education institutions. Young people in schools and universities are introduced to Apple Inc. products at a tender age. When these students desire to buy their own electronics in future, chances of buying apple products are very high. This is because the students feel more comfortable using the products that they have used all along while in school than buying new brands that they are not familiar with (Inside CRM Editors, 2008.). Apple Inc. is therefore able to capture customers, who are very young. The company retains most of its customers after their first purchase.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Data analysis on Apple Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Manufacture of products that always deliver Before Apple Inc. manufactures any of its products, an extensive research is done to identify the needs of the customers (Rosenthal, 2011). This helps in ensuring that the company manufactures products that meet the needs of the customers, resulting to high customer satisfaction. This also makes the customers happy and willing to buy products from this company in future, because they are assured that their needs are going to be met. Consistency in manufacture of the products Apple Inc. is very consistent in the way it manufactures its products. This means that all the new products that are developed follow the same basic architectural structure. person who is conversant with any of the Apple Inc. products has some basic knowledge of what to expect whenever they are buying a product from this company. A person who has prior knowledge of Apple products adapts to new hardware from this company more easily than one who has never interacted with the company’s products. Consequently, such people are likely to make repeat purchase. New innovations Apple Inc. products are in novative and diverse (Jeffrey William, 2005). This gives the customers an opportunity enjoy the services of Apple Inc. products in various locations and at their convenience. It is possible for consumers to have variety of products, ranging from those that can be used in the office, at home of even while one is away from these places. Manufacture of attractive products Apple Inc. manufactures products that are colorful and generally attractive to the users. The use of smiling icons, as well as bright colors, makes the products look attractive and appealing to the customers. Advantages of branding of Apple There are immense benefits experienced by Apple Inc. as a result of their branding strategy. One of the advantages that Apple Inc. has as a result of branding is having a platform where new products can be launched in future. Due to superior branding that this company has created, consumers are likely to buy products because they are viewed by many as an epitome of technological s uperiority and modernity (OGrady, 2009). Through branding, Apple Inc. has been able to differentiate its products from the rest in the market, in terms of the quality and value of the products. These products are usually identified with positive factors, such as being of high quality, trendy and reliable, among other qualities.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This positive brand image has helped the company to sell the existing products to the customers easily and introduce and sell new products without struggle. Apple Inc. relies mostly on the corporate name that it has created and the unique products brands it offers to market its products. Disadvantages High costs One of the major disadvantages of branding is the high costs involved in advertising. In order for a company to set up a local or an international brand, a lot of time and resources are needed. There are high costs incurred in issues related to public relations, advertising and in offering exceptional customer care service. This is because; it takes a lot of time to create a brand name both locally and internationally. During this time, a lot of advertisement is required, since a brand name cannot be created within a short period or by running a few advertisements (Miller, Vandome McBrewster, 2009). The adverts should continue being aired, even during economic turndowns, in order to avoid giving competitors a loophole that they can use to outdo Apple Inc. Brand image The brand image can also be a disadvantage to a company. If a brand becomes associated with a particular person, their departure, either due to natural causes such as death, or if they willingly walk out of the company, can affect the brand image. For example, when there were rumors that Steve Jobs, the founder and chairman of Apple Inc, was on the verge of death due to cancer, most of the people sought to withdraw their shares from the company. This was a big blow to the brand image of Apple Inc. Poor customer service The issue of poor customer service by retailers is also a disadvantage to branding of Apple Inc. This arises when the retailers fail to treat customers well. Even though the company has done its best to create a good brand image both locally and internationally, such ill treatment can cause customer dissatisfaction, which may be detrimental to the brand image (Morgan, 2011) . Recall of products Issues with the manufactured products that may lead to the recall of the products may also be dangerous to the brand image. This may cause customers to lose their trust in Apple products, regardless of the long time that the company has taken to create a positive brand image. Moreover, recall of the already manufactured products would mean that the company has to incur more costs, which may lead to the company registering losses for that period. SWOT analysis of Apple Inc Strengths This is a very successful company that has high sales of electronics such as iPod, iPhone and the Macintosh computers. It is also one of the established brands in the manufacture of electronics (A2Z Everything, 2010). Most of its customers are loyal. Apple Inc. is also able to attract new customers and retain them. This means that the company is able to sell the existing products to these customers easily, as well as introduced new products to them without much struggle. Weaknesses So me of the products were reported to be faulty (Linzmayer, 1999). For example, the Apple iPod Nano was reported to have faulty screen, something which couldcause customer dissatisfaction. In addition, some of the iPod produced previously had faulty batteries and the company had to give its customers other batteries. Opportunities There is an opportunity for Apple Inc. to develop the iTunes that they currently offer into another more convenient format such as the mobile phone. This would increase its sales, as well as meeting the needs of many users of the Apple products. Threats The greatest threat to leading IT producers such as Apple Inc is the stiff competition that exists in this industry. Being a leader in this industry, Apple Inc has attracted a lot of competitors. This means that the company has to remain vigilant always and be innovative in order to stay ahead of its competitors. The high product substitution that is on the rise with new inventions is also a threat to this co mpany. In the recent past, the CDs and Vinyl were some of the leaders in the music industry. However, the MP3 and iPods are the ones reigning currently. With these changing trends, one is never sure what to expect in the IT industry. Recommendations Apple Inc. should consider co-branding, as a way of reducing on the costs incurred in branding. Co-branding involves a joint venture of branding that is done by several companies. In addition to reducing the costs for branding, co-branding allows easier market penetration. However, if Apple Inc. is to adopt this method, it should be ready to share the credit with the rest of the companies because co-branding usually has a dilutive effect. Moreover, a negative brand image of one of the companies involved in co-branding is likely to affect the brand image of the other companies involved in the joint venture. Apple Inc. should try as much as possible not to have a single person who is associated with the brand. This would help minimize any negative brand image that may arise if any person leaves that company. This is also important in protecting the brand image, in case one of the people in the company is surrounded by negative events, which may ruin the reputation of the brand when the brand is associated with such a person (King, 2011). Extensive monitoring should also be done to ensure that the brand image is not tarnished by outsiders, who may try to use the brand name for their own selfish gains. Conclusion Apple Inc. is one of the leading producers of IT products. It has managed to create a niche for itself in the global business environment through branding. However, this has come with advantages and disadvantages that the company has to cope with. A SWOT analysis of the company reveals some of the major strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that the company faces. Reference List Alan, D., 2000. The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. Chicago: Broadway. Apple’s Competitive Strategy., 2011. Apple†™s Competitive Strategy. [Online] Available at: mannmuseum.com/apple-s-competitive-strategy/ A2Z Everything. 2010. SWOT Analysis- Apple. [Online] Available at: http://mgmt280.blogspot.com/2010/01/swot-analysis-apple.html Dairymple, J., 2008. Analysts: Apple brand benefits from Idol deal. [Online] Available at: macworld.com/article/132225/2008/02/idol_analysis.html Inside CRM Editors. 2008. 11 Effective Strategies Apple Uses to Create Loyal  Customers. [Online] Available at: insidecrm.com/features/strategies-apple-loyal-customers/ Jeffrey, S. Y., William, L. S., 2005. iCon Steve Jobs: The Greatest Second Act in the  History of Business. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Kahney, L., 2002. Apple: Its All About the Brand. [Online] Available at: wired.com/gadgets/mac/commentary/cultofmac/2002/12/56677 King, R., 2011. Jobs departure wont diminish Apples brand. [Online] Available at: zdnet.com/blog/btl/jobs-departure-wont-diminish-apples-brand/56082 Linzmayer, O., 1999. Apple confid ential: the real story of Apple Computer, Inc. California: No Starch Press. Miller, F., Vandome, A., McBrewster, J., 2009. Apple Inc.: Apple Inc.. History of  Apple, Apple Inc. Saarbrà ¼cken: Alphascript Publishing. Morgan, R., 2011. Disadvantages in Branding  [Online] Available at: ehow.com/info_8278424_disadvantages-branding.html OGrady, J., 2009. How Apple Inc. Changed the World. India: Jaico Publishing House. Rosenthal, M., 2011. Advantages Disadvantages of Apple Computers. [Online] Available at: ehow.com/about_5439348_advantages-disadvantages-apple-computers.html Seeking Alpha., 2011. Apples Branding Strategy Delivers Superior Results. [Online] Available at: http://seekingalpha.com/article/74064-apple-s-branding-strategy-delivers-superior-results